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Raymond Paternoster, Linda E. Saltzman, Gordon P. Waldo, Theodore G. Chiricos, Estimating Perceptual Stability and Deterrent Effects: The Role of Perceived Legal Punishment in the Inhibition of Criminal Involvement, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), Vol. 74, No. 1 (Spring, 1983), pp. 270-297
Paternoster et al. (Sat,) studied this question.