Multifunctional landscapes in Sweden – How the concept is understood and implemented in research and practice

Multifunctionality is increasingly recognized as key to promoting biodiversity and delivering diverse benefits at the landscape level. However, varying interpretations in research and policy create challenges for practical implementation. This study examines how multifunctionality is understood and governed across five landscape types in Sweden: forest, agricultural, coastal and marine, urban, and mountain. By combining a review of scientific and policy literature with insights from policymakers and practitioners, we identify key challenges and opportunities for applying multifunctionality in landscape planning and management. While Swedish authorities support the concept, implementation remains limited due to weak political backing, unclear roles, and lack of coordination across sectors. Addressing conflicting interests and enhancing cross-sectoral governance are essential. The study highlights the need for clearer discourse, stronger tools, and greater attention to collaboration, values, and decision-making processes. The EU Nature Restoration Regulation presents an opportunity to integrate biodiversity and connectivity into spatial planning more effectively.