Platform, modality, and gamification effects on digit span task performance

= 32). Standard online and onsite scores did not differ, supporting the validity of remote testing, and a robust auditory superiority effect emerged across platforms. The gamified platform produced higher scores than both standard versions, but this boost was not larger for the executive-demanding backward task, suggesting a general performance enhancement rather than selective modulation of the central executive. Both online platforms demonstrated good-to-excellent test-retest reliability without practice effects, supporting standardized online digit span tasks as psychometrically sound alternatives for cognitive assessment.