Effects of feed intake on particle distribution, passage of digesta, and extent of digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle

Four nonlactating Holstein dairy cows (means +/- SD BW = 692 +/- 49 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment to determine changes in distribution of particles within the ruminoreticulum (RR) and total digestive tract in cattle fed a forage-based diet at four intake levels. Relationships between chewing activities and rates of particle breakdown, passage, and digestion were also determined. Percentage of large particles increased linearly in the dorsal rumen (P = .001), ventral rumen (P = .004), reticulum (P = .007), duodenum (P = .007), and feces (P = .006) as DMI increased. Particles of sizes less than or equal to 2,000 microns, eligible to pass from the RR, constituted 60 to 92% of particle DM in the RR. Increased feed intake resulted in a longer (P = .003) eating but a shorter (P = .008) ruminating time per kilogram of DM intake, whereas total chewing time per kilogram of DMI was not affected (P = .12). Passage rate constants of NDF from the RR increased (P = .03) with intake. There was no change (P = .87) in the rate constant for particle breakdown in the dorsal rumen with increased intake. Neither fractional passage rate of NDF nor the rate constant for particle breakdown was related to time spent eating (P + .12; P = .34) or time spent ruminating (P = .11; P = .55). It was concluded that rate of passage of small particles from the RR was a determinant of passage from the RR and that changes in rates of passage and breakdown of particles could only be partially explained by changes in chewing activities.