Mechanics of drag reduction of an axisymmetric body of revolution with shallow dimples

In this article, the mechanics of drag reduction on an axisymmetric body of revolution by shallow dimples is presented by using the high-fidelity Reynolds Stress Modeling based simulations. Experimental results of drag evolution from published literature at different Reynolds numbers are used to validate the model predictions. The numerical predictions show good agreement with the experimental results. It is observed that the drag of the body is reduced by a maximum of Formula: see text with such shape modification (for the depth to diameter ratio of Formula: see text and coverage ratio of Formula: see text). This arises due to the reduced level of turbulence, flow stabilization and suppression of flow separation in the boundary layer of the body. From the analysis of turbulence states in the anisotopic invariant map (AIM) for the case of the dimpled body, we show that the turbulence reaches an axisymmetric limit in the layers close to the surface of the body. There is also a reduced misalignment between the mean flow direction and principal axis of the Reynolds stress tensor, which results in such drag reduction. The dimple depth to diameter(s/d) and coverage ratio (a/A) are also varied to evaluate its effect on drag evolution. An empirical correlation for the drag coefficient is also developed by using polynomial regression in terms of the different shape and flow parameters, for example, s/d ratio, a/A ratio, and Reynolds shear stress.