Scientific workflows and clouds

In recent years, empirical science has been evolving from physical experimentation to computation-based research. In astronomy, researchers seldom spend time at a telescope, but instead access the large number of image databases that are created and curated by the community 42. In bioinformatics, data repositories hosted by entities such as the National Institutes of Health 29 provide the data gathered by Genome-Wide Association Studies and enable researchers to link particular genotypes to a variety of diseases.