Connectivity for autonomous ships: Architecture, use cases, and research challenges

A critical component of any unmanned and autonomous ship is the wireless communication system supporting efficient and safe operations. This paper studies connectivity challenges of autonomous ships in different environments, including ports, deep sea, and Arctic regions. Data requirements for wireless transmission regarding the environmental sensors and remote maintenance as well as remote control needs are identified in the paper. Multiple wireless systems are needed for resilient operations to fulfill capacity, latency, and secure communication needs. A hybrid connectivity concept that integrates satellite and terrestrial system components is defined and its components described. An essential part of the concept is a connectivity manager that ensures quality of service (QoS) for communications. Finally, research challenges for future are given.