This article presents a comprehensive analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in different physical media, integrating classical electrodynamics and quantum mechanics. Based on Maxwell's unified field equations, the behavior of electromagnetic waves in conducting, dielectric, atmospheric, plasma, and ionospheric media is examined. The transmission and reflection of waves at the boundary between two media are analyzed through Fresnel equations and Snell's law. Special attention is given to polarization phenomena and Malus's law. Furthermore, the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation is explored through the photoelectric effect, including Einstein's photoelectric equation and its graphical interpretation. Applications in telecommunications, radar systems, metamaterials, photovoltaic solar cells, infrared detectors, digital imaging, and biomedical technologies are reviewed. The results confirm that Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and Einstein's quantum concepts together provide a unified theoretical framework for understanding a broad range of physical phenomena and enabling numerous modern technological developments.
Feruzakhon et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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