Creation of a “Cosmic” Human: Ideas, Technologies, Projects, Experience, Risks, Limitations, and Prospects

The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of creating a new "cosmic" human in the paradigm of space exploration and the creation of cosmic humanity. The solution to this problem is the key one for the future human and humanity in order for our civilization to survive and develop within the scope "Earth + Space." The definition of a "cosmic" human is given, and the periodization of the process of their creation in the form of four stages is made. The prototype of the "cosmic" human was created as a result of 60 years' experience (since 1959) in the selection, training, space flights, and off Earth long-term life of astronauts from the USA, the USSR, Russia, the EU and other countries. Significant results were obtained, but the limitations were recognized: human properties and characteristics, existing risks, and technologies so far limit the time of continuous safe stay in space (up to ~ 1.5 years), the scale and pace of its exploration. For further expansion into space, it is necessary to go beyond these limits, ensure safety, develop and transform humans using new technologies. The main issues are brought on the agenda of the 20s-50s of the 21 st century, i.e., the birth of children and permanent life of people in new space settlements in near-Earth space, on the Moon and Mars. A brief analysis of the main ideas, technologies, projects, experience, risks, limitations, prospects for the creation and evolution of the "cosmic" human is made. The conclusions are formulated.