The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) , set up in 1935, is in practice the main monetary authority in the country, and it is also a chief guardian of financial stability. In modern central banking, steadiness is no longer handled as an afterthought linked only to steering money and interest rates; it is treated as a distinct policy target, with its own instrument set, organisational lanes, and institutional settings. Over time, the RBI’s workload has grown, starting from currency issuance and credit control, and then broadening into a more complete responsibility that reaches bank oversight, payment system oversight, macro prudential regulation, foreign exchange supervision, and ultimately crisis response. Through various reforms like the Asset Quality Review (AQR), the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), the shift to Basel III norms, and the flexible inflation targeting (FIT) regime introduced in 2016, the RBI has built a multi-tier architecture aimed at stability, in a way. The COVID-19 pandemic, the IL&FS and Yes Bank episodes, plus other disturbances like the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the US Federal Reserve tightening cycle, have tested whether this arrangement actually holds up under stress. More recent indicators do point to measurable improvement: the gross nonperforming asset (GNPA) ratio of scheduled commercial banks has eased to about 2.8% by mid 2024, and the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) has climbed past 16% comfortably above the regulatory minimum. This paper looks at how different RBI tools work together to sustain stability, it reviews macroeconomic and banking indicators from 2014 through 2024 and it uses a composite Financial Stability Indicator to track changes over time. The results suggest India’s financial system is notably more resilient now than it was ten years back, even if fresh worries remain around rapid unsecured retail credit growth, NBFC interconnectedness, cyber risks, and exposure that can be tied to climate events so vigilance cant really pause. Overall, the study argues that the RBI’s adaptive, layered, and forward leaning approach still stays central to India’s economic stability.
Aman Kumar Keshari (Thu,) studied this question.