AbstractNanosensors are advanced analytical devices that utilize the unique physicochemicalproperties of nanomaterials to achieve highly sensitive, selective and rapid healthcarediagnostics. Materials such as gold and magnetic nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes,quantum dots, MXenes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have significantly improvedbiosensing performance through electrochemical, optical, plasmonic, field-effect transistor(FET) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based detection systems. Integrationwith microfluidics, wearable and implantable devices, smartphones, and artificial intelligence(AI) has further enabled miniaturized, real-time and personalized health monitoring.Clinically, nanosensors are widely applied in infectious disease diagnosis, cancer biomarkerdetection and metabolic monitoring.The current review focuses on recent advancements in nanomaterial-based nanosensors, theirsensing mechanisms and their biomedical applications in disease diagnosis and healthmonitoring. It also highlights the challenges, future prospects and the role of AI-integratednanosensor systems in next-generation healthcare technologies.
Priyanka Singh, Subhash Sharma, Nabeel Ahmad (Thu,) studied this question.