Neuroprivacy, neurosecurity and brain-hacking: Emerging issues in neural engineering

Neural interfaces, neuroprosthetics and other trends in neural engineering are rapidly reshaping neurological care and opening novel opportunities for non-clinical use. Yet, a dual-use dilemma arises from the unintended application of neural devices. This paper explores the dual-use dilemma of neural engineering and delineates some core aspects of this emerging ethical landscape.