What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to analyze changes in mortality and kidney outcomes among ICU patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in Denmark from 2010 to 2024.

June 12, 2026Open Access

Acute kidney injury among intensive care unit patients in Denmark: temporal changes in mortality and kidney outcomes from 2010 to 2024

Puntos clave

This study aims to analyze changes in mortality and kidney outcomes among ICU patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in Denmark from 2010 to 2024.
Cohort study of adult patients with first-time ICU admissions and AKI identified by creatinine levels.
Assessment of risks for chronic kidney disease and kidney failure one year after ICU admission across three periods: 2010–2014, 2015–2019, and 2020–2024.
Follow-up categorized into seven to 89 days and 90 to 365 days.
Seven to 89-day mortality decreased from 23.4% (2010-2014) to 20.7% (2020-2024); 95% CI ranges indicate statistical significance.
90- to 365-day mortality also showed a decline from 10.3% (2010-2014) to 9.5% (2020-2024); 95% CI ranges demonstrate robustness.
90- to 365-day risk of chronic kidney disease decreased to 17.3% (2020-2024) from 21.0% (2010-2014), while the risk of kidney failure remained stable around 2%.

Resumen

Abstract Background The understanding of acute kidney injury (AKI) has evolved, but it remains uncertain whether outcomes have improved over time. This study aimed to describe temporal changes in outcomes among intensive care unit (ICU) patients with AKI in Denmark from 2010 to 2024. Methods This cohort study included adult patients with a first-time ICU admission, and AKI identified using creatinine changes in the seven days following ICU admission. The risks of chronic kidney disease (CKD), kidney failure (KF), and death were assessed one year after ICU admission across three periods: 2010–2014, 2015–2019, and 2020–2024. CKD was defined as an outpatient estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for more than 90 days. Similarly, KF was defined as an eGFR below 15 ml/min/1.73 m2, a hospital diagnosis, kidney transplantation, or initiation of chronic kidney replacement therapy. Follow-up was divided into seven to 89 days and from 90 to 365 days, and death was considered a competing risk for CKD and KF. Results A total of 48,529 patients with AKI were identified. The seven to 89-day mortality was 23.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 22.5%—24.3%) in 2010–2014, compared to 22.3% (95% CI: 21.7%—22.9%) in 2015–2019, and 20.7% (95% CI: 20.2%—21.2%) in 2020–2024. The 90- to 365-day mortality was 10.3% (95% CI: 9.5%—11.0%) in 2010–2014, 10.2% (95% CI: 9.7%—10.7%) in 2015–2019, and 9.5% (95% CI: 9.1%—10.0%) in 2020–2024. The 90- to 365-day risk of CKD was 21.0% (95% CI: 19.9%—22.1%) in 2010–2014, compared to 19.8% (95% CI: 19.1%—20.6%) in 2015–2019 and 17.3% (95% CI: 16.7%—17.9%) in 2020–2024. The 90- to 365-day risk of KF was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.9%—2.6%) in 2010–2014, 2.1% (95% CI: 1.9%—2.3%) in 2015–2019, and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.8%-2.3%) in 2020–2024. Conclusions In this cohort of ICU patients with AKI, mortality and risk of CKD decreased over time, while the risk of KF remained stable. These improvements are encouraging and may reflect changes in ICU management or post-AKI care, although the observational design precludes inference about underlying mechanisms .

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