Abstract The global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has fundamentally altered public health systems, economies, and societies worldwide. Since its first documented outbreak in December 2019 in Wuhan, China,COVID-19 has demonstrated remarkable genetic variability and rapid transmissibilityacross continents. This comprehensive review synthesises current evidence on theetiology, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations,diagnostic approaches, vaccine development, and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.The infection spectrum ranges from asymptomatic presentation to severe pneumonia withacute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death 1. Despite extensivevaccination campaigns and public health interventions, emerging variants continue to drive recurrent waves of infection, with long COVID representing a significant post-infectious complication 23. Current evidence demonstrates that multimodal approaches incorporating early diagnosis using reverse-transcription polymerase chainreaction (RT-PCR), timely antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy, and vaccinationremain essential for reducing disease severity and mortality 4. This review criticallyexamines advances in diagnostic techniques, vaccine efficacy across populations, andevidence-based treatment protocols to provide clinicians and public health professionalswith current evidence to guide COVID-19 management strategies.
Aruna J, Saranyadevi P, Kaviya S, Lokesh A, Dhanalakshmi V, Guhan R, Madhavan G, Surekha P, Sanjay A (Wed,) studied this question.