The convergence of Blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) presents a transformative opportunity to address perennial challenges in healthcare, including data security, patient privacy, and systemic interoperability. This survey provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the integration of Blockchain and IoT for healthcare, synthesising literature from 2015 to 2025. We architect a unified, layered model that delineates the functional synergy between IoT’s pervasive data collection and Blockchain’s decentralised trust, illustrating a secure flow from sensor data to end-user applications. Our critical examination reveals that this integration significantly enhances remote patient monitoring, medication adherence, and predictive analytics. Furthermore, we conduct a comparative evaluation of prevailing consensus mechanisms and blockchain platforms, such as Hyperledger Fabric and IOTA, assessing their suitability for healthcare environments. Despite promising advances, significant challenges remain in scalability, regulatory compliance, and energy consumption. This survey moves beyond a descriptive overview to identify a critical research gap: the absence of a holistic framework for designing scalable and compliant Blockchain-IoT systems. Consequently, we conclude by outlining a concrete research roadmap, emphasising the need for lightweight consensus protocols, hybrid on/off-chain data architectures, and semantic interoperability standards to fully realise the transformative potential of these technologies in building secure, efficient, and patient-centric healthcare ecosystems.
Vavekanand et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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