Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by Ganoderma spp., is one of the most devastating diseases, resulting in significant economic losses to the oil palm industry in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia.This disease was first reported in commercial plantations almost one hundred years ago and remains a major constraint, reaching unmanageable levels in some plantations.To date, the management of BSR is still being explored for optimal control.Therefore, insights from biology, the pathogenicity of Ganoderma spp., and environmental factors that predispose to BSR are extremely important for sustainable and effective control of BSR associated with integrated disease management.This paper attempts to review control measures for BSR by emphasising and manipulating the three major components: host (oil palm), pathogen (Ganoderma spp.), and environmental factors in the BSR disease triangle.We highlighted a deep understanding of the biological and pathogenicity of Ganoderma spp. in oil palm, toward the environmental factors in the predisposition of BSR.This review also comprehensively discussed the most promising integrated control measures for sustainable management of BSR disease, targeting and aligning with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production in the oil palm cultivation system.Developing sustainable management of BSR disease would ensure the long-term sustainability of oil palm production.
Peng et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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