The interaction between cellular metabolism and immune function, termed immunometabolism, has been regarded as a crucial determinant of anti-tumor immunity and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Understanding the metabolic dependencies and vulnerabilities of various immune cell subsets and cancer cells is enabling researchers to study novel therapeutic strategies. These strategies aim to reprogram the metabolic landscape of the TME to enhance stronger anti-tumor immune responses and overcome resistance to current immunotherapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of immunometabolism, detailing the key metabolic pathways and regulators in immune and cancer cells. We explore the distinct metabolic profiles of various immune cell subsets and how they are altered during an anti-tumor response. Furthermore, we discuss the metabolic hallmarks of cancer cells, considering variations across different cancer types. Then, we discuss how current immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy, impact and are influenced by cellular metabolism. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic opportunities for targeting immunometabolism, including metabolic inhibitors, modulators, and combination strategies. This review aims to introduce immunometabolic reprogramming as a new frontier to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and improve patient outcomes.
Mohammadi et al. (2026) studied this question.