Wearable SiPM-Based NIRS Interface Integrated With Pulsed Laser Source

complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip which includes functional blocks such as a fast pulse-laser driver and synchronized single-photon detection circuit. The photon pulses can be either counted on-chip or processed by an external high-speed electronic module such as time-corelated single photon counting (TCSPC) unit. The integrated circuit was assembled on a printed circuit board (PCB) and also on a 2.5D silicon interposer platform of size 1 cm and interfaced with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and other ancillary components such as capacitors and resistors. Our approach of integrating an optical interface to optimize light collection on the small active area and light emission from the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VSCEL) will facilitate clinical adoption in many applications and change the landscape of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) hardware commercially due to significant optode-size reduction and the elimination of optical fibers.