What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to clarify the definition of 'c' as a geometric invariant and its implications for physics.

June 21, 2026Open Access

Koku Universe v3.1: Resolving the Circularity — c as a Geometric Invariant of the Riemann Koku-Face

Puntos clave

The study aims to clarify the definition of 'c' as a geometric invariant and its implications for physics.
Analyzed the circularity problem in Koku Universe v3.0.
Derived 'c' as the conformal invariant of the Riemann Koku-face topology.
Established predictions distinguishing Koku Universe v3.1 from general relativity.
'c' is determined as a geometric invariant rather than an empirical constant.
The relationship between center and circumference leads to a unique invariant traversal rate.
Validated three falsifiable predictions that differentiate Koku Universe v3.1 from existing theories.

Resumen

This paper resolves the circularity problem identified in Koku Universe v3. 0 (DOI: 10. 5281/zenodo. 20534188). In v3. 0, c = 2*pi*r/tau was defined, which was correctly identified as potentially circular. This paper demonstrates that c is not defined but derived as the conformal invariant of the Riemann Koku-face topology. The identification of center C with circumference C uniquely determines one invariant traversal rate, which is c. This removes c from empirical constants and places it in topological necessities. As a consequence, E = mc² becomes a geometric theorem. Three falsifiable predictions distinguish Koku Universe v3. 1 from standard general relativity.

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