Enhancing photocatalytic activity through the manipulation of intrinsic electric fields in yolk–shell hollow AuPd@TiO 2 structures

The yolk–shell AuPd@TiO 2 photocatalyst optimized the built-in electric field by controlling Au/Pd ratios, leading to d-band center closer to the Fermi level, thus enhancing electronic interactions and stabilizing antibonding orbitals.