Cost aspects of AGC, inadvertent energy and time error

Information is presented dealing with various cost aspects associated with automatic generation control (AGC), inadvertent energy, and time error. A general overview is given of the AGC operating costs. Quantification of the various operating costs is also provided. Reserve liability is described, and the rate-to-control costs when purchasing the AGC capability are outlined. Economic implications of inadvertent energy are considered. Finally, the cost impact of time error and time error correction are presented.>