This research paper presents an in-depth review and analysis of Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) and Visible Light Communication (VLC), highlighting their increasing significance in next-generation smart environments. Unlike traditional radio frequency (RF) systems, these technologies utilize the visible light spectrum—primarily via LED infrastructure—for highspeed, energy-efficient, and secure wireless communication. By synthesizing findings from selected studies, the paper explores advancements in modulation techniques such as OFDM and WDM, system design improvements, and the integration of hybrid networks combining Li-Fi with RF or Wi-Fi. Key applications are discussed, including smart homes, indoor positioning systems, multimedia streaming, and underwater communication, where VLC offers advantages such as reduced electromagnetic interference, high data rates, and enhanced security. The paper also addresses critical deployment challenges like line-of-sight dependency, ambient light interference, and user mobility, along with potential mitigation strategies proposed in the literature. Finally, it outlines future research directions, including AI-driven optimization, energy-efficient receiver systems, and largescale smart city deployment. The review confirms that Li-Fi and VLC hold strong potential to complement or, in some cases, replace RF-based communication in specific environments where conventional systems fall short.
Ashvini S. Kolate (2025) studied this question.