Abstract Neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) constitutes a key phase of the cosmic baryon cycle, bridging the ionised circumgalactic medium and the star-forming molecular gas. Yet, nearly 75 years after its discovery, direct views of HI through its 21 cm emission line remain largely confined to the nearby Universe. Indirect measurements and statistical analyses indicate little evolution in the comoving HI density over the past 10 billion years, in stark contrast to the order-of-magnitude decline in the cosmic star-formation rate density over the same epoch. Resolving this tension requires direct HI measurements in individual, representative galaxies at earlier times. Here we report a detection of HI 21 cm emission from the Dragon Arc, a gravitationally lensed main-sequence star-forming galaxy at z=0.725, observed 6.6 billion years in the past with the MeerKAT radio telescope. The inferred intrinsic HI mass, M HI =10 9.66 +0.16 -0.19 M sun , and velocity width of 205 +66 -48 km/s are consistent with expectations from scaling relations for local star-forming galaxies. The resulting HI depletion time of 1.2 +1.0 -0.6 Gyr is significantly shorter than the ~5-10 Gyr, measured locally for comparable galaxies. This indicates that the galaxy must rapidly replenish its atomic gas reservoir to remain on the star-forming main sequence. This detection demonstrates that strong gravitational lensing, combined with modern cm-wave facilities, can now reveal the HI reservoirs of typical galaxies well beyond the local Universe, opening a new path toward statistical samples that will directly trace the evolution of the cosmic atomic gas supply.
Lawrie et al. (2025) studied this question.