Version note (v2.0, 2026-04-06): This release updates editorial consistency across the Phase-Model series (Papers 01–13), including reference formatting, author-name normalization, and removal of local-path citation strings. The core model claims and rejection logic are unchanged unless explicitly stated below. This preprint proposes a hidden-phase closure model for dark-matter-like effects. The framework introduces an effective hidden-phase density sourced by coarse-grained phase roughness, derives unified rotation-curve and lensing observables, and defines explicit reject criteria based on shared-parameter consistency across joint dynamical-lensing validation.
Yoshida (2026) studied this question.