Abstract:Modern physics faces deep incompatibility between quantum mechanics and general relativity, relying on unconfirmed hypotheses of dark matter and dark energy. This work presents a full‑scale unified theory based on a Planck‑scale massless vacuum superfluid with intrinsic elastic repulsion. Treating particles and galaxies as multi‑scale vortex structures, the theory unifies mass, inertia, and the four fundamental interactions entirely via hydrodynamic principles, without extra hypothetical entities. Relativistic and quantum phenomena are explained as deterministic superfluid vortex dynamics. Cosmic evolution arises from cavity collapse and backfill in the superfluid framework, offering a consistent, falsifiable paradigm for microscopic and macroscopic physics. Version 5.0 fundamentally redefines mass as the elastic potential energy of vacuum superfluid perturbation, eliminating conceptual ambiguity and circular reasoning. It introduces two core quantities: vacuum intrinsic stiffness κ and local perturbation density ρ, enabling first‑principle derivations of all physical constants. The pressure‑spin vortex model for weak interaction is finalized, while photon, electron, and proton vortex structures are geometrically reconstructed with circulation conservation. Complete derivations unify four fundamental interactions under superfluid hydrodynamics. Relativistic and quantum effects are interpreted as deterministic vortex dynamics. Testable cosmological predictions are proposed, and academic terminology is fully standardized. This version integrates rigorous mathematical derivations of mass‑energy equivalence relation and fine‑structure constant analytical solution into the main text, further completing the theoretical self‑consistency.
Lin et al. (2026) studied this question.