Functional fluorescence imaging of small, transparent organisms has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding the development and function of intact nervous systems at the cellular level, particularly when combined with microfluidic tools that enable precise manipulation of sensory cues. Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has a number of advantages for functional imaging, including efficient axial sectioning, reduced photobleaching, and high speed compared to confocal methods, but many configurations with ideal properties for efficient functional imaging place constraints on sample access and geometry that preclude their use with microfluidics. We present an open-top light-sheet microscope that uses a simplified inverted water immersion interface coupled with tunable lens remote focusing to achieve high-speed, multichannel 3D imaging of specimens in conventional microfluidics. We use model predictive control to efficiently optimize drive signals for an electrically tunable lens, providing reliable, camera-limited scanning of the imaging volume. We then demonstrate the utility of this approach by recording calcium activity from C. elegans at volume rates up to 20 Hz, including both whole-brain response to chemical stimulation and compartmentalized dendritic response of the PVD neuron to mechanical stimulation. Our approaches are flexible and inexpensive to implement, and could be adapted to improve performance and sample compatibility for a wide range of imaging techniques.
Calhoun et al. (Sun,) studied this question.