Background/Objectives: Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common form of pediatric liver cancer, with the vast majority of these tumors evidence of mutation and/or deregulation of the oncogenic transcription factors β-catenin (B), YAP (Y) and NRF2 (N). HB research has been hampered by a paucity of established cell lines, particularly those bearing these mo-lecular drivers. All combinations of B, Y and N (i.e. BY, BN, YN and BYN) are tumorigenic when over-expressed in murine livers but it has not been possible to establish cell lines from primary tumors. Recently, we found that concurrent Crispr-mediate targeting of the Cdkn2a tumor suppressor locus allows for such immortalized cell lines to be generated with high fidelity. Methods: We generated 5 immortalized cell lines from primary Cdkn2a-targeted BN and YN HBs and characterized their properties. Notably, 4 of the 5 retain their ability to grow as subcutaneous or pulmonary tumors in the im-mune-competent mice from which they originated. Most notably, when maintained under hypoxia conditions for as little as 2 days, BN cells reversibly up-regulated the expression of numerous endothelial cell (EC)-specific genes and acquired EC-like properties that ben-efited tumor growth. Conclusions: The above approach is currently the only means by which HB cell lines with pre-selected, clinically relevant oncogenic drivers can be gener-ated and the only ones that can be studied in immune-competent mice. Its generic nature should allow HB cell lines with other oncogenic drivers to be derived. A collection of such cell lines will be useful for studying tumor cell-EC trans-differentiation, interactions with the immune environment and drug sensitivities.
Chen et al. (Sun,) studied this question.