Abstract: The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data analytics is revolutionizing agriculture by enabling data-driven decision-making and precision farming. This paper presents a comprehensive implementation framework for IoT and Big Data in agriculture, focusing on real-time data collection, advanced analytics, and actionable insights. The proposed system architecture comprises four layers: sensing, communication, data processing, and application, which work together to optimize resource use, enhance crop yields, and improve farm management. IoT devices such as soil moisture sensors, drones, and smart irrigation systems collect vast amounts of data, while Big Data analytics processes this information to provide predictive insights and recommendations. A case study demonstrates the practical benefits of this framework, showing a 20% increase in crop yield and a 30% reduction in water usage. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, technical complexity, and farmer adoption remain. Future enhancements, including the integration of AI, blockchain, and 5G, are discussed to address these challenges and further advance smart farming. This paper highlights the transformative potential of IoT and Big Data in agriculture, offering a roadmap for researchers, policymakers, and farmers to harness these technologies for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
Vaishnavi et al. (2025) studied this question.