An Overview of Phase-Locked Loop: From Fundamentals to the Frontier

Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) are essential in today’s electronics. They’re the go to solution for tasks like generating exact frequencies, synchronizing signals, and creating stable clocks. This paper offers a thorough, system-level look at PLLs. We’ll explore how they work, their main designs, and important performance factors. We’ll also see how they’re used in new and developing technologies. Beyond the basics, we’ll dive into the current hurdles and future directions for PLL design. This includes making them more energy-efficient, reducing unwanted noise, and even integrating them with machine learning.