This article delves into the evolution and impact of confidence building measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan during the tenure of General Pervez Musharraf, a period marked by heightened tensions, diplomatic breakdowns, and cautious reconciliation. After the nuclear tests and the kargil war, the relations between India and Pakistan were greatly strained. Nevertheless, the Musharraf era also saw several important diplomatic interactions focused on reducing tensions and establishing normal relations. The study explores both military and non-military CBMs, including ceasefire agreements along the line of control (LoC), initiation of composite dialogues, restoration of high-level diplomatic contacts, cross-border travel and trade initiatives. While emphasizing the achievements, the article also acknowledges the limitations and vulnerability of CBMs, especially in the wake of significant terrorist incidents such as Indian parliament and Mumbai attacks. The article emphasizes the importance of establishing and maintaining ongoing dialogue mechanisms to promote lasting peace and stability in South Asia.
Hanif et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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