Sterilization is a cornerstone of infection prevention and patient safety in healthcare, with critical implications for both medical and dental practice. Effective instrument reprocessing not only prevents healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) but also ensures compliance with international standards for quality and safety. This integrative review explores contemporary methods, persistent challenges, and emerging innovations in dental and medical sterilization. Traditional techniques such as steam autoclaving, dry heat, chemical vapor, and ethylene oxide remain widely used; however, limitations related to cost, human error, environmental sustainability, and equipment maintenance continue to compromise their efficiency. Comparative analysis highlights unique challenges in dental clinics, such as high instrument turnover and reliance on chairside sterilization, contrasted with the more centralized, large-scale reprocessing units found in hospitals. Recent innovations—including hydrogen peroxide plasma, ozone-based systems, and AI-enabled cycle monitoring—demonstrate promising advances in reducing contamination risks and improving workflow efficiency. Nevertheless, gaps persist in adherence to protocols, especially in low-resource settings, where inconsistent training and monitoring exacerbate the risk of cross-infection. By synthesizing current evidence, this review emphasizes the urgent need for integrated strategies that combine technological innovation with standardized protocols, education, and sustainability practices. The findings underscore that strengthening sterilization processes directly enhances patient safety and healthcare outcomes, while also paving the way for future innovations in greener, more automated reprocessing systems.
Afrah samran Almutairi (Tue,) studied this question.