Facilitators and barriers to mammogram screening uptake among Saudi women

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate current mammogram screening rates and identify barriers and facilitators for mammogram uptake among Saudi women. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA framework, beginning with a database search performed by 2 researchers using PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, and Google Scholar for pertinent studies published between 2000 and 2024. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included if they: a) were conducted in Saudi Arabia among Saudi women, b) explored factors associated with mammogram uptake among Saudi women, and c) were peer-reviewed. The socioecological model was used to thematically synthesize the results. Results: A total of 39 studies were included in this review. Nine studies revealed low adherence to annual or biannual mammogram screenings among Saudi women. The socioecological model was utilized to categorize the factors that influenced Saudi women's uptake of mammograms, divided into: a) individual factors, including breast cancer and mammogram knowledge, demographic characteristics, health beliefs, fear, pain, and embarrassment; b) interpersonal factors, including male family members, health care providers, and competing priorities; and c) social factors, including health behaviors related to secondary health screenings, and the health care system. Conclusion: To improve adherence to mammogram screening among Saudi women, it is recommended to design interventions that target factors at each level of the socioecological model. Understanding how each factor functions as a barrier or facilitator will enable more effective and tailored strategies that address these factors within their respective socioecological levels. PROSPERO No. ID: CRD628485