Triatomine bugs: History, Control, and Citizen Surveillance

Triatomine bugs, vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi (the causative agent of Chagas disease), have been documented since the 16th century, with their ecological and epidemiological roles increasingly understood over time. This review explores the history of triatomine recognition, their evolution from predatory ancestors, and their classification, highlighting the 158 species across 19 genera, with Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus being the most epidemiologically significant. Despite advancements in vector control, such as multinational initiatives like the Southern Cone Initiative (INCOSUR) and the Central American Initiative (IPCA), challenges persist due to urbanization, climate change, and the zoonotic nature of Chagas disease. Emerging oral transmission routes, particularly through contaminated food like açaí in the Amazon, further complicate control efforts. Citizen science has emerged as a powerful tool for triatomine surveillance, and to engage communities in reporting and monitoring. While these initiatives enhance public awareness and data collection, challenges remain in species identification accuracy and long-term engagement. This review underscores the need for integrated, innovative strategies to address the evolving epidemiology of Chagas disease and its vectors.