Upper troposphere warming amplification over Tibetan Plateau

Abstract The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has experienced significant warming since 1980, with greater surface warming than the global average. While previous studies have focused primarily on surface temperature, we identified significant warming amplification in the upper troposphere over the TP, centered around 250 hPa, with a warming rate of approximately 0.31 K decade −1 , faster than the rates observed at comparable latitudes. Using ERA5, JRA-55, and MERRA-2 reanalysis datasets and the energy budget analysis method, we attribute this warming amplification to various physical processes, with convection contributing about 0.24 K decade −1 and clouds adding about 0.13 K decade −1 . In contrast, water vapor and dynamical processes exert a substantial cooling effect that partially offsets the warming. Upper tropospheric warming is evident in all four seasons, contributing to the overall annual mean warming trend, with the greatest contribution occurring in autumn, reaching 0.37 K decade −1 , and the smallest in winter at 0.25 K decade −1 . Although the warming magnitudes across the four seasons are similar, the underlying mechanisms differ. In spring and summer, convection is the primary driver, while in autumn and winter, dynamical processes contribute most. Despite differences in the specific values of each contributing factor, all three datasets consistently show that convection plays a significant role in shaping the temperature patterns over the TP. Improving convection simulation in models is crucial for producing more accurate projections of future temperature trends in this region.