Archaeological Research the Karatau Mountains in 2001–2008 (Based Materials of the Turan Archaeological Expedition)

The article presents the archaeological research of the Turan archaeological expedition during 2001-2008 in the Sauran district, Turkistan region (formerly South Kazakhstan Region). The purpose is to explore the historical and cultural formation and development of medieval monuments discovered in the Karatau region. Based on archaeological methods (survey, exploration, and excavation), research was conducted at the medieval settlements of Kultobe and Karashyk, located on the southern slopes of the Karatau Mountains. Their structural and planning features, cultural layers, and archaeological complexes were identified. The data provided an opportunity to clarify the processes of historical development and the formation of urban culture. The expedition members conducted surveys in the river valleys and gorges of Biresek, Baiyldyr, Zhyngylshyk, Ushozen, and Karakudyk, identifying 15 locations with petroglyphs. Among the significant sites are Korzhailau, Tanbaly-Tas, Tekturmas, Kiyinzhuerek, Karadegeres, Tosbulak, Shukursaz, Kyzylshyn, Burakonys, Kenozen, Karakus, Maidantal, and Mailikara. These petroglyphs depict religious and mythological beliefs, scenes of hunting and animal husbandry of ancient communities. The diversity of styles and compositional integrity play a major role in understanding the worldview of ancient people. The article systematically analyzes the historical and cultural significance of the rock carvings and medieval monuments, research methods, and future scientific directions.