The mRNA vaccine technology, as a groundbreaking advancement in modern medicine, is promoting the innovation of infectious disease prevention and treatment interventions in a rapid and adaptable manner. In recent years, the successful application of mRNA vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated research and expansion in areas such as tumor treatment, tropical disease control, and individualized immunotherapy. The current research has made significant progress in mRNA sequence design optimization, improvement of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) delivery systems, and scale-up of production processes. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated positive prospects in the development of cancer neoantigen vaccines and mRNA vaccines for diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. However, scientific, logistical, and regulatory obstacles still limit the widespread application and equitable accessibility of such vaccines. This article systematically analyzes the mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines, the current application status in tumors and infectious diseases, the expansion paths of platform technologies, as well as the challenges faced in immunogenicity, storage stability, manufacturing capacity, and intellectual property rights. Through the analysis of typical clinical cases, this article summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of current mRNA vaccine strategies and points out the key directions for future innovation. Research shows that optimization of delivery systems, development of heat-stable formulations, and construction of local production capabilities will be the key to ensuring the global promotion and long-term success of mRNA vaccines.
Tianze Liu (Wed,) studied this question.
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