Professional health ethics plays a crucial role in guiding medical personnel to provide healthcare services based on integrity, responsibility, and concern for patient well-being. The principles of medical ethics, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice, serve as primary guidelines for interactions between medical personnel and patients and for medical decision-making. While professional health codes of ethics serve as moral and professional standards, their existence is inextricably linked to legal regulations that more strictly regulate medical practice, with clear legal consequences for violations. However, in practice, conflicts often arise between adherence to codes of ethics and adherence to the law, for example, in cases of respecting patient rights versus the legal obligation to save lives, or maintaining patient confidentiality versus the legal obligation to report specific cases. Other challenges in enforcing professional health ethics include overlapping codes of ethics and legal regulations, weak oversight mechanisms, and difficulties in adapting to evolving medical technology and innovation. Therefore, a clear harmonization of professional ethics and legal regulations, along with effective oversight, is necessary to ensure medical personnel can carry out their duties professionally without compromising moral standards and legal protection for patients.
Setyawati et al. (Tue,) studied this question.