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This is a Quantitative Study study.

September 12, 2025Open Access

Liturgy Matters

Key Points

Catholics who see or receive the Eucharist on the tongue exhibit stronger beliefs in the Real Presence, enhancing spiritual connection.
Those in parishes that use consecration bells and offer the Latin Mass demonstrate heightened Real Presence beliefs.
The study suggests a return to Eucharistic-centric liturgical practices could strengthen belief in the Real Presence among Catholics.
Declines in belief may stem from reduced emphasis on rituals and their connection to the Eucharist in modern liturgies.

Abstract

Belief in the Real Presence of Jesus substantially contained in the Eucharist is central to Catholicism (John 6:27–58; CCC, 1374–1375), but Catholics show declining Real Presence beliefs, possibly due to a decrease in Eucharistic-centric liturgical practices. Here, I examine how bodily and related social liturgical practices predict U.S. Catholics’ Eucharistic beliefs. The results show that Catholics who receive, or see others receive, the Eucharist on the tongue and who favor reception on the tongue are more likely to believe in the Real Presence. Further, Real Presence beliefs are stronger for those whose parishes ring consecration bells and offer the Latin Mass. Returning to more Eucharistic-centric liturgical practices may bolster Catholics’ Real Presence beliefs.

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