ABSTRACT The Sustainable Development Goal Thirteen (SDG‐13) aims to reduce climate change and its impact. India is the third‐largest emitter of carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming and climate change, and has committed to the Paris Agreement to reduce the intensity of its emissions by approximately 45% by 2030. This study aims to analyze whether India is on track to achieve SDG‐13. The environmental efficiency of India is estimated using data envelopment analysis (DEA), considering both desirable (GDP) and undesirable (emissions) outputs. The standardized linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models empirically investigate the data from 1971 to 2021. The findings of the linear ARDL model show that agricultural output, the service sector, nonrenewable energy, and oil prices are significant factors determining India's greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental efficiency and the use of renewable energy help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the NARDL results show positive shocks in agricultural output, the service sector, nonrenewable energy use, and oil price increase emissions. Meanwhile, the positive shock in industrial output and environmental efficiency reduces total emissions. Surprisingly, negative shocks in agricultural output, the service sector, and nonrenewable energy increase greenhouse gas emissions. The categorical variable (D 2007 ), representing the environmental shock detected by the break test, also shows a positive relationship with total emissions.
Aqib Mujtaba (Tue,) studied this question.