The evolution from 4G to 5G addresses growing demands for higher data rates, reduced latency, and improved Quality of Service (QoS). 5G introduces a user-centric architecture that integrates diverse wireless technologies and supports seamless switching via policy routers. Key features include ultra-dense radio access networks (UDRAN), mobile traffic offloading, cognitive radio (CR), software-defined radio (SDR), and software-defined networking (SDN). These innovations enable faster data speeds, massive call volume capacity, and enhanced connectivity. Foundational technologies for 5G include IEEE 802.11 WLAN, 802.16 WMAN, WPAN, and digital wireless networks. Unlike 4G, which unified standards post-deployment, 5G integrates IEEE 802.xx networks from inception. Projects led by researchers, telecom industries, and academia are shaping 5G’s architecture and performance. Future networks aim for speeds up to 1 Gbps using smart antennas and adaptive modulation.5G also supports hybrid infrastructure and emphasizes consumer experience. Emerging paradigms like the World-Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), and Real Wireless Communication further define its scope. With ultra-high bandwidth and advanced capabilities, 5G is set to revolutionize mobile communication and become the dominant global technology.
K et al. (Mon,) studied this question.