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September 28, 2025Nature5 citationsOpen Access

Construction of the Great Pyramid with pulley-like systems using counter-weights on sliding-ramps

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SSSimon Andreas Scheuring

Key Points

  • A pulley-like system may have facilitated lifting 60-ton blocks at an impressive rate of one block per minute, enhancing construction speed.
  • Existing architectural features like the Antechamber and Grand Gallery support the theory of using sliding ramps and counterweights in pyramid construction.
  • Analysis of masonry and architectural elements indicates that this method could explain various structural characteristics of the Great Pyramid.
  • Implications of this construction method could reshape our understanding of ancient engineering techniques and pyramid design.

Abstract

The construction method of Khufu's Great Pyramid remains debated. Several theories have been proposed that implicate construction-ramps and a layer-by-layer bottom-to-top growth progress. Regrettably, none provides satisfactory explanations how to lift blocks weighing up to ~60 tons and for the tremendous pace to place blocks every ~1 min. Here, a radically different proposal for the construction of the Great Pyramid is presented, where blocks were lifted using pulley-like systems fueled by sliding counterweights down sliding-ramps. One pulley-like system and three sliding-ramps are still visible today, assigned as the Antechamber, and as the Grand Gallery, Ascending Passage, and Descending Passage, respectively. The construction proposal based on analysis of the pyramid's architecture and masonry, is physically advantageous and can explain the fast construction. The proposal offers explanations for the recently discovered voids, and for structural features such as the course height variations, the concavity and the central furrow of the pyramid faces.

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Cite This Study

Simon Andreas Scheuring (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68d913b24ddcf71ba560c1c5https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-025-02018-w
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