Introduction. Accurate reconstruction of the human body model is required when visualizing digital avatars in virtual simulators and rehabilitation systems. However, the use of exoskeleton systems can cause overlapping and shielding of sensors, making it difficult for tracking systems to operate. This underlines the urgency of the task of reconstructing a human body model based on a limited set of data on arm movements, both in the field of rehabilitation and in sports training. Existing studies focus on either large-scale IMU networks or full video monitoring, without considering the issue of reconstructing a body model based on arm motion data. The objective of this research is to develop and test machine learning methods aimed at reconstructing body model coordinates using limited data, such as arm position information. Materials and Methods. To conduct the study, a virtual simulation environment was created in which a virtual avatar performed various movements. These movements were recorded by cameras with a first-person and side view. The positions of the keypoints of the body model relative to the back point were saved as reference data. The regression task considered was to reconstruct the user's arm positions in a full body model in five different variations, including keypoint coordinates extracted from a video and a virtual scene. The task also involved comparing different regression models, including linear models, decision trees, ensembles, and three deep neural networks (DenseNN, CNN-GRU, Transformer). The accuracy was estimated using MAE and the mean Euclidean deviation of body segments. Experimental studies were conducted on five datasets, whose size varied from 25 to 180 thousand frames. Results. The experiments showed that ensembles (LightGBM) were best-performing in most situations. Among neural network models, the CNN-GRU-based model provided the lowest error. Training models on a sequence of 20 frames did not give significant improvement. Using the inverse kinematics module on a number of scenarios allowed reducing the error to 3%, but in some cases worsened the final result. Discussion. The analysis of the results obtained showed low reconstruction accuracy when using computer vision datasets, as well as the lack of superiority of complex models over simpler ensembles and linear models. However, the trained models allowed, with some error, for the reconstruction of the position of the user's legs for a more reliable display of the digital model of his body. Conclusion. The data obtained showed the complexity of solving the problem of reconstructing a human body model using a limited amount of data, as well as a large error in a number of machine learning models. The comparison of models on different datasets proved low applicability of first-person data that did not contain information on the distance to the arms. On the other part, using absolute values of arm positions as input information provided for the reconstruction of the body model with significantly less error.
Obukhov et al. (Mon,) studied this question.