This qualitative study investigates the integration of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) as a pedagogical approach to develop critical thinking competencies among secondary education students. The research examines how PBL methodologies can be effectively implemented to enhance students' higher-order thinking skills within the Indonesian educational context. Through a comprehensive analysis of classroom observations, in-depth interviews with educators, and document analysis, this study identifies key implementation strategies, challenges, and outcomes of PBL integration. The findings reveal that PBL significantly improves students' analytical reasoning, problem-solving abilities, and metacognitive skills when systematically incorporated into the curriculum. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of teacher preparation, supportive learning environments, and authentic assessment methods in maximizing the effectiveness of PBL for critical thinking development. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on innovative pedagogical approaches in secondary education and provides practical recommendations for educators and policymakers seeking to foster critical thinking competencies essential for 21st-century learners.
Sappaile et al. (2025) studied this question.