Demographic Study on Enteric Fever: A Single Centre Experiences

Background: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, infects various organs after entering the bloodstream. It typically presents with headache, fever, splenomegaly, abdominal pain, and leucopenia, among other symptoms. Globally, it affects 11-21 million people annually, causing 120,000-160,000 deaths, with Southeast Asia being the most impacted region. Improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are crucial for prevention, alongside targeted public health strategies in endemic regions like Bangladesh. Aim of the study: The study aims to identify demographic risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College Hospital, Sirajganj, Bangladesh, over 12 months. We included 72 patients presenting with fever, headache, and abdominal pain, with positive blood culture reports for Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, aged 18 years and above, who provided informed consent. Excluded were patients on antibiotics and those with multiple blood culture samples. A short questionnaire, validated through a pilot study, captured demographic and clinical data. Result: Mostly 76.39% of participants were aged 18-45. Males comprised 58.33% of participants, and females 41.67%. Occupationally, 48.61% were civil servants, 16.67% housewives, 13.89% students, 12.50% businessmen, and 8.33% farmers. Socio-economically, 16.67% were upper class, 37.50% middle class, and 45.83% lower class. Urban residents made up 40.28% and rural residents 59.72%. All participants had a fever, with other symptoms including headache (69.44%), abdominal pain (48.61%), vomiting (20.83%), coated tongue (27.78%), and constipation (61.11%). Conclusion: This study examines factors influencing enteric fever in Bangladesh, noting higher prevalence among males aged 18-45 due to occupational risks. Lower socio-economic status and rural living also increase risk, highlighting healthcare disparities. Common symptoms included fever, headache, and abdominal pain. Improving sanitation and targeting high-risk groups can reduce incidence.