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Urban digital twins (UDTs) hold promise for solving complex urban problems. However, the current research landscape is fragmented and lacks clarity. This article aims to (1) promote consensus on UDT definition and illustrate their development from domain-specific to intra-city and inter-city models; (2) synthesize current applications to uncover untapped potential; (3) categorize challenges into a triangulated framework and report the latest progress; and (4) discuss standardization and emerging opportunities in technology. This review advocates establishing comprehensive databases, exploring cross-domain interactions, and enhancing human-AI collaboration. Ultimately, it envisions UDTs as central to advancing sustainability and livability in future urban planning.
Wu et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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