Constraints on the Minimally Extended Varying Speed of Light Model Using Pantheon Dataset+

In the context of the minimally extended varying speed of light (meVSL) model, both the absolute magnitude and the luminosity distance of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) deviate from those predicted by general relativity (GR). Using data from the Pantheon+ survey, we assess the plausibility of various dark energy models within the framework of meVSL. Both the constant equation of state (EoS) of the dark energy model (ωCDM) and the Chevallier–Polarski–Linder (CPL) parameterization model (ω=ω0+ωa(1−a)) indicate potential variations in the cosmic speed of light at the 1−σ confidence level. For Ωm0=0.30,0.31, and 0.32 with (ω0,ωa)=(−1,0), the 1−σ range of c˙0/c0(10−13yr−1) is (−8.76, −0.89), (−11.8, 3.93), and (−14.8, −6.98), respectively. Meanwhile, the 1−σ range of c˙0/c0(10−12yr−1) for CPL dark energy models with −1.05≤ω0≤−0.95 and 0.28≤Ωm0≤0.32 is (−6.31, −2.98). The value of c at z=3 can exceed that of the present by 0.2∼3% for ωCDM models and 5∼13% for CPL models. Additionally, for viable models except for the CPL model with Ωm0=0.28, we find −25.6≤G˙0/G0(10−12yr−1)≤−0.36. For this particular model, we obtain an increasing rate of the gravitational constant within the range 1.65≤G˙0/G0(10−12yr−1)≤3.79. We obtain some models that do not require dark matter energy density through statistical interpretation. However, this is merely an effect of the degeneracy between model parameters and energy density and does not imply that dark matter is unnecessary.