Pharmaceutical prospects of pomegranate antioxidants in combating microbial infections

Pomegranates, which are renowned for their diverse bioactive phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, have garnered significant interest in the field of natural medicine. This study aimed to systematically investigate the phytochemical content, bioavailability, and antimicrobial effects of extracts derived from different parts of three Jordanian pomegranate cultivars, Kodari, Qerati, and Black. Comprehensive quantitative analyses revealed significantly higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacities in peel extracts, particularly in the Black and Qerati cultivars. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Bioavailability was determined using stimulated gastrointestinal digestion assays, revealing controlled release in gastric fluid compared to more substantial release in intestinal fluid, thereby suggesting potential implications for bioavailability. Furthermore, antimicrobial assays showed promising antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus in a time-dependent manner, although the efficacy varied among the cultivars and components. These findings underscore the multifaceted bioactive potential of pomegranate extracts, particularly those derived from optimized peel extracts, positioning them as promising natural preservatives or functional ingredients. However, further research is warranted to delve into specific bioactive constituents, absorption mechanisms, and their potential applications in diverse fields, such as foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. By expanding the current understanding of the factors influencing pomegranate bioactivities, this study lays the groundwork for tailored utilization of pomegranate fractions based on ideal phytochemical profiles and targeted effects.