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Globally, the issue of climate change is becoming increasingly significant due to the rapid change in weather conditions, and the construction industry contributes significantly to this. Green building certification systems (GBCS) are vital for ensuring sustainable practices in the construction industry. As a result, it is essential to guarantee the effectiveness of the GBCS to capture adequate information on environmental impacts throughout the building life cycle and ensure best practices. However, limited works have holistically studied the operational, embodied and whole life cycle assessment (OEW) credits in GBCS. Therefore, this current study seeks to address the gap by critically assessing the OEW credits in notable GBCS to determine areas of strengths and weaknesses. This study applied desktop analysis and document similarity techniques of natural language processing to assess the technical manuals of the GBCS. Five GBCS (LEED, BREEAM, Green Star NZ, LOTUS and GREENSL) were selected from developed and developing countries, and the newly developed GBCS (IGBT and BSAM) were selected to have both perspectives. The analysis revealed that operational credits were given more attention compared to embodied credits. It is observed that waste-related credits are not prioritised. In addition, the concept of circular economy is yet to gain attention in the existing GBCS. Also, the document similarity among the GBCS indicates that the GBCS have some level of similarity. However, the LOTUS and BSAM certification systems were observed to have low similarity compared to other GBCS. The research proposed an improvement framework to enhance the effectiveness of the GBCS.
Olanrewaju et al. (Mon,) studied this question.