Documenting cultural heritage sites through 3D reconstruction is crucial and can be accomplished using various geomatic techniques, such as Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP), and UAV photogrammetry. Each method comes with different levels of complexity, accuracy, field times, post-processing requirements, and costs, making them suitable for different types of restitutions. Recently, research has increasingly focused on user-friendly and faster techniques, while also considering the cost–benefit balance between accuracy, times, and costs. In this scenario, photogrammetry using images captured with 360-degree cameras and LiDAR sensors integrated into Apple devices have gained significant popularity. This study proposes the application of various techniques for the geometric reconstruction of a complex cultural heritage site, the Church of Saint Andrew in Orani, Sardinia. Datasets acquired from different geomatic techniques have been evaluated in terms of quality and usability for documenting various aspects of the site. The TLS provided an accurate model of both the interior and exterior of the church, serving as the ground truth for the validation process. UAV photogrammetry offered a broader view of the exterior, while panoramic photogrammetry from 360° camera was applied to survey the bell tower’s interior. Additionally, CRP and Apple LiDAR were compared in the context of a detailed survey.
Vacca et al. (2025) studied this question.