Interferometric Imaging with EISCAT₃D for Fine-Scale In-Beam Incoherent Scatter Spectra Measurements

Abstract. The 233 MHz EISCAT₃D radar system currently under construction in northern Fennoscandia will be able to resolve ionospheric structures smaller than the transmit beam dimensions through the use of interferometric imaging. This capability is made possible by the modular design and digitisation of the 119 91-antenna panels located at the main Skibotn site. The main array consists of a cluster of 109 panels, with 10 outlier panels producing unique interferometry baselines. In the present study synthesized incoherent scatter radar signal measurements are used for interferometric imaging analysis with the EISCAT₃D system. The Geospace Environment Model of Ion-Neutral Interactions (GEMINI) model is used to simulate a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the cusp region at 50 m resolution to obtain plasma parameters which are then used to generate the synthetic data. The ionospheric data is forward propagated to the EISCAT₃D array, noise is added to the synthetic data, and then an inversion of the data is performed to reconstruct the incoherent scatter spectra at relatively fine scales. By using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) with Tikhonov regularization it is possible to pre-calculate the inversion matrix for a given range and look direction, with the regularization value scaled based on the SNR. The pre-calculation of the inversion matrix can reduce computational overhead in the imaging solution. This study provides a framework for data processing of ion-line incoherent scatter radar spectra to be imaged on fine-scales. Furthermore, with more development it can be used to test experimental set-ups and to design experiments for EISCAT₃D by investigating the needed integration time for various signal-to-noise ratios, beam patterns and ionospheric conditions.